Class Assignment ( Assigned By Prof Dr Sohail Ansari)

By: Zoona Ghouri

Q:  Denial of influences external to the writer is beneficial as it does not prejudice analysis; however a writer is molded into the cauldron of time. Examine formalistic approach in the light of above statement.

Formalist Criticism:                                           
 This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text. A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effects upon readers.

My Comment on this Assignment:

The formalistic approach to analyse the work of the writer. Critics give importance to the work of the  writer. However, Henry Hudson mentioned, A production of a writer is he himself. Obviously, external environment influence on the psyche of writer. Therefore, he composes, those what he sees. In other words, a writer enclose in the circle/boundary. Similarly, each element of that boundary will affect on a writer’s thought. In a similar sense, what kind of personality , writer has, it denoted by their works. Because of, it encapsulates many central features of the surroundings. Though, society has negative and positive aspects. And these segments reflects on frame of mind of the writer. So, we cannot understand the writings without knowing about its situations.

Class Assignment ( Assigned By Prof Dr Sohail Ansari)

By: Zameer Ali Zardari

Q:  Denial of influences external to the writer is beneficial as it does not prejudice analysis; however a writer is molded into the cauldron of time. Examine formalistic approach in the light of above statement.

Formalist Criticism: 

 This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text. A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effects upon readers.

My Comment on this Assignment:

The formalistic approach to criticize any literary piece deals with the analysis of the written piece only on its basis of forms, style ,vocabulary and figures of speech like metaphors, simile and hyperbole etc, in this approach the critic has nothing to do with writer , the only thing he has to consider the written piece of literature in front of him, because if he keeps personality in his mind, he may have confliction, prejudice, hatred for that person and he may also have total different ideology and concepts as compared to the writer. In this sense it is a fine approach to criticize any literary piece of the writer, but in order to understand the essence and themes of mastery piece it is necessary to see his personality in accordance with time/era/age, because writer has the potential and actual talent to produce but it is his personality or situations of society that molds him to write any piece of literature as Hudson states that literature is expression of personality. According to French epigram “art is life seen through temperament”. it means that literary art is an expression of life through the temperament of the writer and literature mirrors this temperament . the mirror the writer hold to the world is the mirror of his own personality and individuality and hence it is also necessary to criticize any piece of literature according to personality contemporary to age, for example a literature is written for any specific calamity, the grieves, sorrows in the literature cannot be felt and analyzed sitting in a drawing room and taking a cup of tea. 

                                                                     

Class Assignment (Assigned by Prof Dr Sohail Ansari)

By: Tooba Noor

Q:  Denial of influences external to the writer is beneficial as it does not prejudice analysis; however a writer is molded into the cauldron of time. Examine formalistic approach in the light of above statement.

Formalist Criticism: 

 This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.” All the elements necessary for understanding the work are contained within the work itself. Of particular interest to the formalist critic are the elements of form—style, structure, tone, imagery, etc.—that are found within the text. A primary goal for formalist critics is to determine how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effects upon readers.

My Comment on this Assignment:

The writer is the production of time and place. His thoughts, ideas, notions are influenced by the particular time in which he is living. His writings typify the social, economic, political, and personal conditions of the time. As, the writer has the ability to absorb all the ingredients of his age, time, and period and can reflect it in his works.  So if we judge his works on its own terms, we will automatically get to know about all the elements of that particular time.  It is not the demand of reading/learning to go through the life and age of particular writer in order to understand his knowledge shared in his works because the writer is the building of nation constructed by stiff bricks of time. The more we visit the building, the more we feel the harshness of bricks.

A few words and their meaning with application

    By: Muhammad Tahir (15-English SBBU)

    1.   Enumerate (T) : to name things separately, one by one:
 Dict sentence: He enumerated the benefits of the insurance scheme.
Own sentence:a)      Would you like to enumerate the policies of your company? 
2.   Confine (T): to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way:
Dict sentence: Please confine your use of the phone to business calls.
Own sentence:a)      Kindly confine our discussion to the topic
b)     University confined their scholarship policies to  needy students.
3.   Be confined to somewhere/sth:  to exist only in a particular area or group of people:
Dict sentence: This attitude seems to be confined to the upper classes.
Own sentence:a)      Poverty is not confined to any one country in the world.
b)     In rural areas, women are confined to only household works.
 4.   Grin (T) : to smile a wide smile
Dict sentence: He grinned at me from the doorway.
 What are you grinning about?                                                                   Own sentence: I commonly noticed him grinning at me.

 5.   Well off (adj):  Rich
Dict sentence: Her family was very well off.
[before noun] a well-off neighbourhood.

     Own sentence:    Aslam belongs to a well off family.
 6.   Concede (T): to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true:
Dict sentence: The government has conceded (that) the new tax policy has been a disaster.
Own sentence: Reluctantly Teacher conceded that Tahir is an intelligent student.
 7.   Suspect (T): to not trust; to doubt:
Dict sentence: I have no reason to suspect her honesty/loyalty.
Own sentence: I m being suspected for no reason. 

   8.   Suspiciously (adv): in a way that makes you think that something is wrong:
Dict sentence:  He looked at her suspiciously.
There was a suspiciously large amount of money in his account.     Own sentence: Her fairness is suspiciously fair for a woman of he age.
9.   subject sb/sth to sth — phrasal verb: to make someone or something experience an unpleasant or worrying thing:
Dict sentence:  The inquiry found that they had been subjected to unfair treatment.
Own sentence: After obtaining lowest marks, she understood that she had been subjected to partial treatment.
 10.  Down the road/track/line (idiom): in the future
Dict sentence:  We have an idea to develop a talking book, but a marketable product is a long way down the road.
Own sentence:  God knows better, what would happen down the line?
 

A few words and their meaning with application.

By Tooba Noor (15 English SBBU)

1.   Assuage
Meaning: To make an unpleasant feeling less severe
Dict sentence:
His reply did little to assuage my suspicions.

    Own sentence:

    a) Nawaz shareef has failed to assuage the anger of his nation.
b) Ali did what little he could to assuage his guilt. 
2.   Anomaly

Meaning: A thing, situation etc. that is different from what is normal or expected.
Dict sentence:
I have found a genetic anomaly in his blood sample.

Own sentence:

a)  It was temperature anomaly to reach 50 degrees in Nawabshah yesterday.
3.   Equivocal
Meaning : Not having one clear or definite meaning or intention.
Dict sentence:
The scientist theory is equivocal and has not been proven in a lab experiment. 

Own sentence:

Politician are famed for providing equivocal answers to straight questions.

 4.   Lucid
Meaning: clearly expressed, easy to understand.

Dict sentence: In a rare lucid moment, she looked at me and smiled.

Own sentence:

Sarah's writing is concise and lucid.
 5.   Spurious

Meaning: false, although seeming to be genuine

Dict sentence:He had managed to create the entirely spurious impression that the company was thriving.

Own sentence:

News anchors often make spurious arguments to provoke things.

6.   Dogmatic
Meaning: being certain that your beliefs are right and that others should accept them, without paying attention to evidence or other opinions
Dict sentence:There is a danger of becoming too dogmatic about teaching methods.

Own sentence:Our teacher was dogmatic in his views and would not admit errors even when his mistakes were clear. 

7.   Conflate

Meaning: to put two or more things together to make one new thing
Dict sentence:The issues of race and class are separate and should not be conflated.

Own sentence:
It is quite obvious that the story as we have it is a conflation of two versions of the anecdote.. 

8.   Repression

Meaning: the act of using force to control a group of people and restrict their freedom, the act of controlling strong emotions and desires and not allowing them to be expressed so that they no longer seem to exist
Dict sentence:They were fighting against repression and injustice in their country.

Own sentence:The strict rules of hostel served as a repression for students.

 9.   EmboldenedMeaning: To ake somebody feel brave or ore confident or to make a piece of text appear in bold print.Dict sentence:With such a majority, the administration was emboldened to introduce radical new policies.

Own sentence:Erdogan hoped his video call would embolden his nation to fight with army. 

10.         AmendmentsMeaning: a small change or improvement that is made to a law or a document; the process of changing a law or a document

Dict sentence:The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.

Own sentence:Pakistani parliament has begun debate on amending the constitution.     

A few words and their meaning with application.

By: Muhammad Tahir (15-English SBBU)

1. .          Contempt (noun) (u) = a strong feeling of disliking and having no respect for someone or something.

Dictionary:

• ·          She's beneath contempt (= I have no respect for her) !

• ·          She looked at him with undisguised contempt.

 Own:   

• ·         Conservative people carry strong contempt for modern things.

• ·         Public demonstrated a passionate contempt for politicians.

 

2. Utter (adj) = complete or extreme

      Dictionary:

• ·         utter confusion/misery/chaos/nonsense/rubbish/drivel

• ·         The meeting was a complete and utter waste of time.

     Own

• ·         Exams often creates utter climate of agitation among students.

• ·         The rumours, people are spreading nowadays are utterly baseless and dummy.

 3. Demoralize: (verb) (T): to make someone or something feel much less confident

Dictionary:

• ·         Losing several matches in succession had completely demoralized the team.

   Own:

• ·         Students’ woeful records consist of many supplies demoralized them.
• ·         In order to win the war, demoralize the enemy troops.

 4.       Press (verb) (T): to try hard to persuade someone to do something
        Dictionary:

• ·         He's pressing me for an answer
• ·         The committee pressed him to reveal more information.

 Own:

• ·         I left smoking before being pressed by my parents.
• ·         Prime Minister pressed Media to reveal factual information.

 5.       Make up to sb: (phrasal verb): to be too friendly to someone or to praise them in order to get advantages:
Dictionary:

• ·         Have you seen the disgusting way she makes up to the boss?

Own:

• I have seen many students who make up themselves to teachers in order to ask questions for exams.

  

Proposal introduction

Author: Ali Sahir (12-English SBBU)

Literature and linguistics are only the subjects for specialization offered by English department at universities in Pakistan, which means the students do not have other choices for specialization as are in the top universities of the world where ‘creative writing’ is third field for specialization. The space which literature and linguistics have in their area of study, both the literature and linguistics do not have margin to fill that up. Both subjects have some proficiency in their areas which are limited to their academic purposes. The teaching and learning purposes which these two subjects, linguistics and literature, have nothing professionally to do with the writing skills. Though writing skills is a broad term to define, thus the ‘creative writing’ is the field here referred to writing skills. However, literature and linguistics’ aptitudes as a specialization subjects are laconically discussed here in the perspective of world’s top universities, Oxford and Cambridge, aims and objectives for English learning, so that the selected research area could evidently be discussed to present the aim of research. Offering masters in literature Oxford University aims at development of the knowledge and its individual effects of learning in the shape of critical thinking and reasoning in the context of social, political and cultural background. In short, literature’s specialization collectively enhances reading ability; builds critical and analytical approach but not enables the students to become a professional writer. On the other hand, student gets the degree of linguistics which also lacks the demands of Meta modern world in the fields of writing as journalist and as a professional writer. For the university’s aims are very clear that by studying it the student will acquire the linguistic efficiency in linguistics aspects such as analytical capability for nature and structure of human language. Objectively, the learner of linguistics practically becomes enabling to analyze his chosen language by studying linguistics. Cambridge University offers linguistics course degree merging two sub disciplines of linguistics: Theoretical and Applied linguistics. It is an interdisciplinary course which aims at achieving excellence in the field of linguistics and providing a broad incorporated study of linguistics with the research competency. However, the discipline creative writing is more professional than the previous two disciplines in the related field. Oxfords Creative writing postgraduate course aims at providing the ability to think and write critically. It fulfills the contemporary needs of writing in the global context. Cambridge University’s creative writing course director Dr. Sarah Burtons determines the very first aim of creative writing course of University of Cambridge, saying that creative writing is not just to concerning about novel writing; rather it is an art of writing of all forms of writings. Further the course aims at developing self competency of assessing the writing skills in fiction and non-fiction in all of its forms. 

Testing human medicine on animals; right or wrong?

Author: Muhammad Tahir (15-English SBBU)

This method is widely used by Doctors and Scientists from all over the world, that they are testing human medicine on animals in order to get certain results, which might help the coming generations of humans.
Hence, experiments breed pain and sufferings to animals, because of, large numbers of animals are being decimated which is morally wrong. Since, animals have rights, and exploiting animals means to violate their right and violating right is morally wrong. But, to some extent it is permissible and acceptable in our norms, provided that animals endure less pain and sufferings and when human benefits gained only with this method. It is morally accepted, if the results are valid and can be applied to humans’ benefits.
However, numbers of Scientists are in favour that if alternative testing methods can produce great benefits then there is no need of experiments. Since then, they are working exclusively on alternative testing methods. Even the amount of animals being used for experiments is curtailed in most of the laboratories and Scientists are sharing their researches with each others in order to lessen the sufferings of animals.
This is a straight forward issue and those who are in the favour claims that if the results are valid and humans are gaining intended results then the good done to human beings outweighs the harm done to animals. However, those who are against of this issue hold that, even if humans are gaining adequate benefits, they cannot defend all form of sufferings. Because there are some form of sufferings which are probably impossible to justify.  

Turkish Prime Minister ( His rise, stay and contribution-Lesson for Pakistan )

Author: Tooba Noor (15-English SBBU) 

From selling sesame rings to playing football semi-professionally, to imprisonment and now the Turkish presidency, Mr. Erdogan’s life has not been with exciting moments. A stand alone revolutionary leader, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, whose mission is to bring back Turkey from secular turkey made by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Ataturk established a modern secular republic in 1920’s. Under the facade of the cleaning of political Islam, Ataturk modernity was not wearing any religious dress or being non-religious. The education system was completely transformed. Islamic education was banned in favor of secular, non-dogmatic schools. He banned hijab for women’s and the Islamic calendar was changed to a Georgian calendar. Meanwhile, he made an anti-Islamic constitution in turkey. Recep Tayyip Erdogan and his ruling justice and development party (AKP) mark an attempt in Turkish history .They elevated their voice against the legacy of Ataturk. In 2002 as a prime minister and in 2014 as a President of turkey he struggled hard to remove anti-Islamic constitution from turkey. Islam is going through a remarkable revival in turkey. Erdogan is included in one of the most successful leaders of the world. The world is shocked that how the child of Istanbul who sells rings, is the president of the most successful Islamic country. How he revised the Islamic teachings and how he converted the most secular Muslim country into world’s peaceful region. Throughout his tenure as prime minister and now as president Erdogan has distanced himself from a secularism of modern turkey founder. He made positive changes in Turkey , opened parks, established schools and launched many campaigns like ‘come on girls, let’s go to school’ , ‘ mother and daughter at school’ . 7 is too late’ and much more for the betterment of Turkish people. In 2007 Erdogan said ‘The secular system has failed and we definitely want to change it ‘. And now Turkey, known as the most secular Muslim nation in the world, is slowly but surely changing under the control of Erdogan. In turkey, it is a fact when the peoples are given a choice to vote. They vote for Sharia, they vote for an Islamic party, they vote for the party whose President and Prime Minister (Abdullah Gull) wives wears hijab, they vote for the party who obey Allah and Quran. Erdogan is not only the voice of Turks but of the Muslims of Kashmir, Gaza, Hamas, and Sham. They are the die heart lover of Erdogan and it is because he is the man of his words and of strong character. Erdogan becomes famous in Gaza when on the forum of the economic world he walks out in front of the Israeli president by calling him the killer of innocent people of Palestine.Recently Military coup attempted in Turkey against Erdoğan government,Erdogan’s call ‘ I am inviting our nation to go to the streets and airports to protect our democracy and national will.’works as a spark in the streets of Istanbul and Ankara. Thousands of people came out of their houses to defend Erdogan. The Turkish Nation made history of democracy. On the 15th of July, soldiers, police, village guards and all individuals became a single nation, became big, became sharp, and became brothers. All together became Turkey! Erdogan is a role model for all the Muslim leaders across the world as he is an open book and everyone can go through it. Pakistan, being an Islamic state should be the leader of all the Islamic states in the world but unfortunately, our leaders are begging for a subvention from different countries, busy in doing corruption and increasing their bank accounts. They don’t have time for their people, and for their country. Our leaders should learn the strategies from Erdogan that how we can run the country by following the Quran. Erdogan has set the examples for Muslim leaders to not to beg, not to fear, and not to hesitate to carry out your religious teachings as a constitution in your country. As Islam is a complete religion and we don’t need anyone else’s rules, regulations, and culture. But, being a Muslim we should have a strong believe as the Erdogan is having that surely a new civilization will emerge from the rubble, that civilization will be the rise of an Islamic civilization. That will lead the way in 21 century and Muslims will pick up from where they left off, and they must.